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The Great Depression was an economic slump in North America, Europe, and other industrialized areas of the world that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world.

Though the U.S. economy had gone into depression six months earlier, the Great Depression may be said to have begun with a catastrophic collapse of stock-market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. During the next three years stock prices in the United States continued to fall, until by late 1932 they had dropped to only about 20 percent of their value in 1929. Besides ruining many thousands of individual investors, this precipitous decline in the value of assets greatly strained banks and other financial institutions, particularly those holding stocks in their portfolios. Many banks were consequently forced into insolvency; by 1933, 11,000 of the United States’ 25,000 banks had failed. The failure of so many banks, combined with a general and nationwide loss of confidence in the economy, led to much-reduced levels of spending and demand and hence of production, thus aggravating the downward spiral. The result was drastically falling output and drastically rising unemployment; by 1932, U.S. manufacturing output had fallen to 54 percent of its 1929 level, and unemployment had risen to between 12 and 15 million workers, or 25-30 percent of the work force.

The Great Depression began in the United States but quickly turned into a worldwide economic slump owing to the special and intimate relationships that had been forged between the United States and European economies after World War I. The United States had emerged from the war as the major creditor and financier of postwar Europe, whose national economies had been greatly weakened by the war itself, by war debts, and, in the case of Germany and other defeated nations, by the need to pay war reparations. So once the American economy slumped and the flow of American investment credits to Europe dried up, prosperity tended to collapse there as well. The Depression hit hardest those nations that were most deeply indebted to the United States, i.e., Germany and Great Britain. In Germany, unemployment rose sharply beginning in late 1929, and by early 1932 it had reached 6 million workers, or 25 percent of the work force. Britain was less severely affected, but its industrial and export sectors remained seriously depressed until World War II. Many other countries had been affected by the slump by 1931.

Almost all nations sought to protect their domestic production by imposing tariffs, raising existing ones, and setting quotas on foreign imports. The effect of these restrictive measures was to greatly reduce the volume of international trade: by 1932 the total value of world trade had fallen by more than half as country after country took measures against the importation of foreign goods.

The Great Depression had important consequences in the political sphere. In the United States, economic distress led to the election of the Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency in late 1932. Roosevelt introduced a number of major changes in the structure of the American economy, using increased government regulation and massive public-works projects to promote a recovery. But despite this active intervention, mass unemployment and economic stagnation continued, though on a somewhat reduced scale, with about 15 percent of the work force still unemployed in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. After that, unemployment dropped rapidly as American factories were flooded with orders from overseas for armaments and munitions. The depression ended completely soon after the United States’ entry into World War II in 1941. In Europe, the Great Depression strengthened extremist forces and lowered the prestige of liberal democracy. In Germany, economic distress directly contributed to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in 1933. The Nazis’ public-works projects and their rapid expansion of munitions production ended the Depression there by 1936.

At least in part, the Great Depression was caused by underlying weaknesses and imbalances within the U.S. economy that had been obscured by the boom psychology and speculative euphoria of the 1920s. The Depression exposed those weaknesses, as it did the inability of the nation’s political and financial institutions to cope with the vicious downward economic cycle that had set in by 1930. Prior to the Great Depression, governments traditionally took little or no action in times of business downturn, relying instead on impersonal market forces to achieve the necessary economic correction. But market forces alone proved unable to achieve the desired recovery in the early years of the Great Depression, and this painful discovery eventually inspired some fundamental changes in the United States’ economic structure. After the Great Depression, government action, whether in the form of taxation, industrial regulation, public works, social insurance, social-welfare services, or deficit spending, came to assume a principal role in ensuring economic stability in most industrial nations with market economies.

An Alt-A mortgage, short for Alternative A-paper, is a type of U.S. mortgage that, for various reasons, is considered riskier than A-paper, or “prime”, and less risky than “subprime,” the riskiest category. Alt-A interest rates, which are determined by credit risk, therefore tend to be between those of prime and subprime home loans.
Contents

Characteristics of Alt-A

Within the U.S. mortgage industry, different mortgage products are generally defined by how they differ from the types of “conforming” or “agency” mortgages, ones guaranteed by the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

There are numerous factors that might cause a mortgage not to qualify under the GSEs’ lending guidelines even though the borrower’s creditworthiness is generally strong. A few of the more important factors are:

* Reduced borrower income and asset documentation (for example, “stated income”, “stated assets”, “no income verification”)
* Borrower debt-to-income ratios above what Fannie or Freddie will allow for the borrower credit, assets and type of property being financed
* Credit history with too many problems to qualify for an “agency” loan, but not so many as to require a subprime loan (for example, low scores or serious delinquencies, but no recent charge-offs or bankruptcy)
* Loan to value ratios (percentage of the property price being borrowed) above agency limits for the property, occupancy or borrower characteristics involved

In this way, Alt-A loans are “alternatives” to the gold standard of conforming, GSE-backed mortgages.

A classification of mortgages where the risk profile falls between prime and subprime. The borrowers behind these mortgages will typically have clean credit histories, but the mortgage itself will generally have some issues that increase its risk profile. These issues include higher loan-to-value and debt-to-income ratios or inadequate documentation of the borrower’s income.
Investopedia Says… These types of loans are attractive to lenders because the rates are higher than rates on prime classified mortgages, but they are still backed by borrowers with stronger credit ratings than subprime borrowers. However, with the higher rates comes additional risk for lenders because there is a lack of documentation - including limited proof of the borrower’s income.

In Brief
Subprime Lending is primarily referring to loans extended to those with lower credit. It’s considered to be much more riskier than Alt-A Lending.
Now that our economy is taking a hit(in the mortgage market), there’s a very large amount of loan defaults on the SubPrime Loans(riskier loans), causing a problem across the Loan Market.
I personally believe that this whole situation will greatly affect the CPI(Consumer Price Index), causing inflation to appear lower than actual levels, due to many people who are downsizing housing expenses, at the expense of Lenders.

Explaination:-
The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing economic problem characterized by contracted liquidity in the global credit markets and banking system. An undervaluation of real risk in the subprime market is cascading, rippling and ultimately severely adversely affecting the world economy.

The crisis began with the bursting of the United States housing bubble[1][2] and high default rates on “subprime” and adjustable rate mortgages (ARM). Loan incentives, such as easy initial terms, in conjunction with an acceleration in rising housing prices encouraged borrowers to assume difficult mortgages on the belief they would be able to quickly refinance at more favorable terms. However, once housing prices started to drop moderately in 2006–2007 in many parts of the U.S., refinancing became more difficult. Defaults and foreclosure activity increased dramatically, as easy initial terms expired, home prices failed to go up as anticipated, and ARM interest rates reset higher. Foreclosures accelerated in the United States in late 2006 and triggered a global financial crisis through 2007 and 2008. During 2007, nearly 1.3 million U.S. housing properties were subject to foreclosure activity, up 79% from 2006.[3]

The mortgage lenders that retained credit risk (the risk of payment default) were the first to be affected, as borrowers became unable or unwilling to make payments. Major banks and other financial institutions around the world have reported losses of approximately US$435 billion as of 17 July 2008.[4][5] Owing to a form of financial engineering called securitization, many mortgage lenders had passed the rights to the mortgage payments and related credit/default risk to third-party investors via mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO). Corporate, individual and institutional investors holding MBS or CDO faced significant losses, as the value of the underlying mortgage assets declined. Stock markets in many countries declined significantly.

The widespread dispersion of credit risk and the unclear effect on financial institutions caused reduced lending activity and increased spreads on higher interest rates. Similarly, the ability of corporations to obtain funds through the issuance of commercial paper was affected. This aspect of the crisis is consistent with a credit crunch. The liquidity concerns drove central banks around the world to take action to provide funds to member banks to encourage lending to worthy borrowers and to restore faith in the commercial paper markets. The U.S. government also bailed-out key financial institutions, assuming significant additional financial commitments.

The subprime crisis has adversely affected several inputs in the economy, resulting in downward pressure on economic growth. Fewer and more expensive loans tend to result in decreased business investment and consumer spending. The initial leveling off in the housing market has become a downturn in many areas due to a surplus inventory of homes. The reduction and shift in demand versus supply has resulted in a significant decline in new home construction.[6]

With interest rates on a large number of subprime and other ARM due to adjust upward during the 2008 period, U.S. legislators, the U.S. Treasury Department, and financial institutions are taking action. A systematic program to limit or defer interest rate adjustments was implemented to reduce the effect. In addition, lenders and borrowers facing defaults have been encouraged to cooperate to enable borrowers to stay in their homes. Banks have sought and received over $250 billion in additional funds from investors to offset losses.[7] The risks to the broader economy created by the financial market crisis and housing market downturn were primary factors in several decisions by the U.S. Federal Reserve to cut interest rates and the economic stimulus package passed by Congress and signed by President George W. Bush on 13 February 2008.[8][9][10] Both actions are designed to stimulate economic growth and inspire confidence in the financial markets.

The idea behind AutoAdminLogon is that a user(name) can logon at a computer without having to type a password. A typical scenario would be a test machine on a private network. With AutoAdminLogon enabled, when you restart the machine it automatically logs on a named user. The trick, which also its liability, is to set a value for DefaultPassword in the registry.

1. Launch Regedit.

2. Navigate to:
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon
Set: AutoAdminLogon = 1 (one means on, zero means off)

3. Tip: Try Regedit’s ‘Find’: AutoAdminLogon

4. Create a new String Value called DefaultPassword
Set: DefaultPassword = “P@ssw0rd”

5. Check for the existence of a REG_SZ called DefaultUserName. The value should reflect the user who you wish to logon automatically. If this value does not exist, then right-click in the right pane, New, REG_SZ, name it, DefaultUserName. Set the string value to the required UserName.

6. Optional Item: If your Vista Machine has joined a domain, then create a String Value called DefaultDomainName.
Set: DefaultDomainName = “OnlyYouKnowDomain”

Here is a summary of the four key registry settings:

“AutoAdminLogon”=”1″
“DefaultUserName”=”xxx"
“DefaultPassword”=”xxxx0xxxx”
“DefaultDomainName”=”xxx.xxx”. Definitely needed in a domain situation.

To Display the Windows Vista (TM) Build 6000
1. Launch Regedit See more details on starting regedit
Navigate to this key:
2. HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop
3. Scroll down and find the existing entry called PaintDesktopVersion. Double click and change its value to numeric one. Please note that there is no need to create this DWORD, as it’s already there.
4. Check you now see: PaintDesktopVersion = 1
5. The default is PaintDesktopVersion = 0 meaning do not display the build number. Incidentally, this DWORD is also found in XP and Windows Server 2003.

Key Learning Points

* A simple registry tweak to change a value from zero (setting disabled) to one (setting enabled)
* Do you find the PaintDesktopVersion value in HKCU** or HKLM?
Answer: HKCU
* Should you add a value, or modify an existing setting?
Answer: Modify 0 –> 1
* Is PaintDesktopVersion a String Value or a DWORD?
Answer: DWORD.
* Do you need to Restart, or merely Log Off / On?
Answer: Log Off –> Log On and view: Build 6000 (or 6001 after applying SP1).
* Tip: Add this Value, PaintDesktopVersion to Regedit’s Favorites menu
* Tip: To find the value that controls the build number quickly; launch regedit, click on the Edit menu, Find, type PaintDesktopVersion.

How to Remove Arrows on Shortcuts
The shortcut arrow is actually an overlay, which is stored in the master icon file called shell32.dll. If you open this file, then you will see familiar icons for folders, CD Drives and Start Menu items (see screenshot). Now each icon has a number associated with it, and the shortcut’s number is 29. What we will do is launch the registry editor, and redirect number 29 to a different icon, one that is transparent.

Incidentally, to see the shell32.dll icons, right-click any shortcut, select Change Icon and browse to windows\system32\shell32.dll.
Method 1 (Best): Remove Arrows with Shell Icons

Our mission is to tweak the registry so that we can remove arrows on shortcuts icon. As a preliminary step, make sure that you have a shortcut on your desktop, then you will be able to see the changes, for example, create a shortcut to calc.exe.

Note: Unlike many registry hacks, this only works on Vista (and not XP).

Registry Instructions for Shell Icons Method

1. Launch Regedit.
2. Navigate to this path:
** HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\explorer\
3. Underneath \explorer, create:
a) A new Key called: Shell Icons (note plural)
b) In Shell Icons, create a new REG_SZ called: 29
4. Assign to 29 a value of: %SystemRoot%\\noarrow.ico,0
5. Note: noarrow.ico must refer to the name of the file that you add to the %systemroot% folder.
In other words, download noarrow.ico, extract the file and copy it to the \Windows folder.Deleting Vista’s Shortcut Arrows
6. Once you have edited the registry, and copied the noarrow.ico file, then logoff and log back on again. (If something goes wrong, or you try several experiments, you may need to restart.)

Well the wait is over and Big TV has been launched in India by
Reliance,

Big TV, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Reliance Communications and an new entrant in the direct-to-home (DTH) segment, is looking at charging carriage fees from small broadcasters.

Currently, Big TV is not charging the broadcasters any carriage fee, which would become a major source of revenue for the company in the near term.

“We will look at charging carriage fees from small broadcasters. We can’t carry every channel on our platform, so we are considering charging carriage fees from the upcoming new channels as well as small broadcasters.” a senior company official said to Televisionpoint.com.

Carriage fee is paid by television broadcasters to multi-system operators (MSO’s) and DTH players to beam their channels on their network.

Big TV had launched its DTH services on August 19 and is looking to capture 40 per cent of the market share within one year. The DTH service would offer 202 channels at present, which would be increased to 300 by the middle of next year.

Big TV is available at Rs 1,490, which would include a three-month complimentary subscription. The service would be available at 1,00,000 retail outlets across 6,500 towns in the country.

At present, Reliance Big TV has eight transponders, which can support 230 channels. The company would acquire four more transponders in next three to four months, which would take its total channels capacity to 360.
Reliance Brings Momentum in DTH
Reliance-backed Big TV launched its digital DTH satellite pay-TV platform August 19, targeting a potential 40% share of the Indian DTH pay-TV market over the next 12 months.

Reliance’s entry into the capital intensive pay-TV sector is significant as it has the resources to fund long term losses and hefty sub acquisition costs (SAC). Dish TV continues to grow its top line aggressively but its SAC continues to climb along with losses while the cash burn at Tata Sky, a US$600 mil. JV between the Tatas, News Corp. and Temasek, is significant.

Making money in the mass market is the name of the game but between them, three cable MSOs - Hathway, DEN and Digicable - now lay claim to almost 25 mil. homes passed in aggregate, with Hathway in particular building a profitable franchises that could be emulated in time by DEN and Digicable. Hathway’s growing acquisition of primary points and its success with broadband is instructive and the company is on track to generate annualized EBITDA of US$40 mil. by FYE March 2009 on sales of US$160 mil. Hathway’s digital subs are likely to pass 1 mil. shortly. More funds and cash will be needed by cable however.

MPA’s latest analysis suggests approximately 6.3 mil. DTH pay-TV subs in India at present, based on net numbers from three platforms: Dish TV (~ 3 mil.), Tata Sky (2.3 mil.), and Sun Direct TV (1 mil.). MPA forecasts indicate that the DTH market could grow to 13.3 mil. net subs by end-2009 and 17.4 mil. by end-2010. Reliance reckons that another 10 – 11 mil. gross subs could be added over the next 12 – 18 months. Videocon will launch DTH services in Sept. 2008, followed swiftly by Bharti. Big TV offers 200 channels to customers, including more than 30 VOD movie channels and wide availability of all the pay-TV channel bouquets. The service is available across 6,500 towns in the country. The service is priced at Rs2,490 (Rs1,490 initial deposit plus Rs1,000 in total install fees) similar to offered by Dish TV and Tata Sky at present.

Leading Indian DTH pay-TV operator Dish (DSTV.BO) plans to acquire 5 mil. subs by FYE March 2009, adding 2 mil. new subs in the process. The company saw subscribers grow at record pace during its June 2008 quarter costs and losses also increased sharply. Encouragingly, Dish reported gross adds of 167,000 for last month, driven by offers targeting the South. Dish TV revenues grew 85% Y/Y to Rs1.6 bil./US$40 during its June 2008 quarter but EBITDA losses increased Y/Y to Rs666 mil. because of growing sub acquisition costs, averaged Rs3,000 for the quarter, up almost 100% Y/Y. Gross for the quarter reached Rs173. Dish TV hopes to fund future with a Rs12 bil. rights issue, which chairman Subhash Chandra says will complete later this year. The company has also added more capacity to launch new TV channels with nine transponders ProtoStar 1.

Features
-
More Channel Choice Pure Digital Experience Program at your
finger tips
Per View Movies
Mosaic Window
Parental Control
Reliable
After Sales Service

How is BIG TV so unique?

BIG TV will offer MPEG 4
technology for the first time in the country to provide DVD like video
and CD like audio quality TV viewing.

Now reagarding the details -

Big TV has the capacity of upto
250 TV channels which is much more than any current DTH opera
Big TV

View next photo
tor.
You
can enjoy upto 32 Pay - Per - View channels, never before seen in
India.
These channels will showcase Bollywood, Hollywood and Regional
films.
BIG TV also has Functions such as Zapper Banner; Mosaic;
Favourites; Search etc.
Bring the largest multiplex experience right
inside your home.

Some Faq’s posted for reference -

How many channels do I get to see on BIG TV ?

Currently you will be able to watch upto 150 channels & in the next
few months we will be adding more & more channels.

Which are the
channels I will be getting with monthly subscription of Rs. 325 /-?
You
will be getting ALL STAR / SONY / NDTV channels along with popular
Sports & News & Entertainment channels
Current Offer for Reliance Employees

Costing part for internal employees -

- Particulars BIG TV Employee
Offer
Upfront payment Rs. 1000 (No other charges)

Annual Subscription (paid monthly) Rs. 325 x 12 months = Rs. 3900

Free Pay Per View Movies Rs. 100/month x 12 = Rs. 1200

Net Annual Pay Out (Rs. 1000 + Rs. 3900) - Rs. 1200 = Rs. 3700

Advantages -

1. Mpeg 4 picture quality which will be the best , other providers like tata sky and dish offer mpeg 2
2. High definition content will also be beamed
3. Free movies worth Rs 100 every month
4. Ease of use, multiple features and access
5. Initial cost of ownership will be lower
6. Healthy competition which will force other DTH providers to improve service and reception quality

More
info will soon be available as soon as commercial launch take place next month.

I will update the review as and when i get more information -

Latest update –

Reliance is in advanced talks with Toshiba to sign an agreement for about
15 million LCD TVs, to be given along with the DTH connection. The proposal deal
stands like this: BIG DTH will offer its DTH connection for Rs 10,000-12,000 and
the consumer will get a Toshiba LCD TV free along with the DTH hardware. Also,
subscription will be free for the first six months or so.

Let’s see if this really happens …
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STB update - April 4

The STB is made in Taiwan and has the following outputs -

outputs on the back

Antenna In :
Input from terrestrial antenna. Connect to cable network or Active antenna

Loop Out & RF Out :
Terrestrial signal loop out & RF re-modulation out to Tv set. Connect to RF Terminal of Tv Set

Component :
Component Video (Y/Pb/Pr) output. Connect to Component video terminal of Tv set.

LNB Input :
Digital Satelite Signal input from dish antenna

DC Jack :
DC 12V input from power Adapter

Loop Out:
Loop through output from digital tuner

USB :

Connect USB Device

Audio L & R :

Left & Right output.

Video :

Composite output to video

THE TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION
OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
( NPT )

The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Parties to the Treaty,

Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples,

Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war,

In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons,

Undertaking to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities,

Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points,

Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States,

Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to contribute alone or in co-operation with other States to, the further development of the applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,

Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament,

Urging the co-operation of all States in the attainment of this objective,

Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end,

Desiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States in order to facilitate the cessation of the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of all their existing stockpiles, and the elimination from national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,

Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.

Article II

Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

Article III

1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency’s safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfilment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards required by this Article shall be followed with respect to source or special fissionable material whether it is being produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any such facility. The safeguards required by this Article shall be applied on all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.

2. Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be subject to the safeguards required by this Article.

3. The safeguards required by this Article shall be implemented in a manner designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties or international co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear material and equipment for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of this Article and the principle of safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.

4. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet the requirements of this Article either individually or together with other States in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Negotiation of such agreements shall commence within 180 days from the original entry into force of this Treaty. For States depositing their instruments of ratification or accession after the 180-day period, negotiation of such agreements shall commence not later than the date of such deposit. Such agreements shall enter into force not later than eighteen months after the date of initiation of negotiations.

Article IV

1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty.

2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.

Article V

Each Party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international observation and through appropriate international procedures, potential benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will be made available to non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty on a non-discriminatory basis and that the charge to such Parties for the explosive devices used will be as low as possible and exclude any charge for research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international agreement or agreements, through an appropriate international body with adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this subject shall commence as soon as possible after the Treaty enters into force. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring may also obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements.

Article VI

Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

Article VII

Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons in their respective territories.

Article VIII

1. Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty. Thereupon, if requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties to the Treaty, the Depositary Governments shall convene a conference, to which they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an amendment.

2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The amendment shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instrument of ratification of the amendment upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a majority of all the Parties, including the instruments of ratification of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon the deposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.

3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realised. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty.

Article IX

1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.

4. For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening a conference or other notices.

6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article X

1. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.

2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the Treaty.1

Article XI

This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Treaty.

DONE in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight.

India, Pakistan And Israel are the only Nuclear Power countries that haven’t signed the NPT

STEP 1……

Petter Nordahl-Hagen’s Offline NT Password & Registry Editor

This is absolutely one of the best free tools to reset the administrator password and gain access that I have ever used. It modifies the encrypted password in the registry’s SAM file allowing you access to the account in Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista systems.

There is an image file to create a bootable floppy disk or bootable CD to modify the admin password and access NTFS partitions. You do not need to know the old password to set a new one. It will also offer to unlock disabled or locked user accounts (a very helpful feature). The program was just updated on April 9, 2007 to include Vista support.

Please visit the site by clicking on the link below to download a CD image or floppy image of this great program.

http://home.eunet.no/~pnordahl/ntpasswd/

OR STEP 2….

LoginRecovery.com

Another option is to decrypt the password and show you the actual administrator password. A great site for doing this is loginrecovery.com. Basically, you download a small program to extract the password from the computer, then you submit the encrypted password file to their site and they will recover the lost password. Of course, you need a computer with Internet access to upload the file and find the password.

With this option, the administrator password is not changed so you wont lose access to EFS encrypted files. Visit their site by clicking below

http://www.loginrecovery.com

Although there are probably other options to recover an administrator password, I find the two option shown above to be the quickest and easiest ways to either change or discover the password and allow you access to the user profile and data stored on the hard drive.

CTRL and A Selects all in the current document.

CTRL and B Bold text.

CTRL and C Copies the item or text to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL and V.

CTRL and D Displays the Font dialogue box.

CTRL and E Centre Alignment.

CTRL and F Displays the Find dialog box, to search the current document.

CTRL and G Displays the Go to dialog box, to go to a specific location in the current document.

CTRL and H Displays the Replace dialogue box.

CTRL and I Italic text.

CTRL and J Full Justification.

CTRL and K Create Hyperlink

CTRL and L Left Alignment

CTRL and M Tab

CTRL and N Creates a new document.

CTRL and O Displays the Open File dialogue box.

CTRL and P Displays the Print dialog box.

CTRL and R Right Alignment.

CTRL and S Displays the Save dialog box.

CTRL and U Underline text

CTRL and V Pastes the copied item or text from the Clipboard into the current position in the document.

CTRL and X Cuts the item or text selected to the Clipboard.

CTRL and Y Redo the last undone action.

CTRL and Z Undoes the last action.

CTRL and ENTER Insert Page Break.

CTRL and F2 Show Print preview.

CTRL and F4 Closes the active document window.

CTRL and F6 Opens the next document window.

F1 key Get help or use the Office assistant.

SHIFT and F1 Key Context sensitive help.

F2 Key Move text or image.

SHIFT and F2 Key Copy Text.

F3 Key Insert an autotext entry.

SHIFT and F3 Key Change the case of the selected text.

F4 Key Perform last action again.

SHIFT and F4 Key Perform a Find or Go to action again.

F5 Key Displays the Go to dialogue box, from here you can also Find and Replace.

SHIFT and F5 Key Move to a previous revision.

F6 Key Go to the next frame or pane.

SHIFT and F6 Key Go to the previous frame or pane.

F7 Key Launch the Spell checker.

SHIFT and F7 Key Launch the Thesaurus.

F8 Key Extend the current selection.

SHIFT and F8 Key Shrink the current selection.

F9 Key Update the selected fields.

SHIFT and F9 Key Switch between a field code and it’s result.

F10 Key Activate the menu bar.

SHIFT and F10 Key Display a Shortcut Menu. Same as right clicking.

F11 Key Go to the next field.

SHIFT and F11 Key Go to the previous field.

F12 Key Save file As, equivalent to tools menu.

SHIFT and F12 Key Save document, equivalent to tools menu.

1. Log into your account and open the email in question.

2. Click on the down arrow that’s to the right of the Reply link. Choose “Show Original” from the list.

You need to look for the lines of text that start with “Received: from“. It might be easier to simply press Cntrl + F and perform a search for that phase. You’ll notice that there are several Received From’s in the message header. This is because the message header contains the IP addresses of all of servers involved in routing that email to you.

now when you got the IP address looks like “72.204.154.191″

open the web site http://www.ip2location.com/ & put the corresponding IP in the

right top corner IP location search Box “LIVE PRODUCT DEMO” & click finde location..

Huh… & you just can find out the Location n joy!!!….

If you’re ok with Outlook, then there’s not a problem. However, if you prefer to use Gmail for everything since it’s web-based and therefore not tied down to one computer like Outlook, then you might be interested in knowing how to setup all of your email accounts in Gmail so you can receive all emails via your Google Inbox.

So here’s how to setup Gmail as a master account for collecting email from all of your other online accounts:

1. First, log into your Gmail account and click on Settings at the top right corner.

2. Now click on the Accounts tab and click on Add another email account under the Get
mail from other accounts heading.

3. Now you’ll be presented with a little pop-up window where you can enter in the email
address for the account you want to add in. The cool thing about this is that you don’t
have to sit there and worry about finding the pop and smtp server names for your ISP,
Google will automatically try to determine the servers for you based on the email
address!
4. After entering email address, Google automatically determined the POP server name and the port number. All you have to do is enter in your password for the account.

You also have the option to leave a copy in your account, label the messages from the new account so you can sort them quickly, and to archive them directly so that they don’t show up in your Inbox.

Now the email accounts will be checked by Google on some periodic basis and the emails will be retrieved and stored according to your preferences. Unfortunately, you cannot set the time period for the email checking.